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Learning Objectives

• Describe the structure of a typical long bone.

• Compare appositional and linear bone growth.

• Describe the role of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in bone homeostasis.

• Describe the skeletal system changes associated with osteoporosis.

• Identify the bones of the human skeleton.

• Describe the functional and the structural characteristics of the joints?

• Assign appropriate terminologies to common joint movements.

• Characterize the skeletal system changes associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

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Activity 1

Bone Structure

1. What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
2. What is the function of the epiphyses?
3. What is the function of the red bone marrow?

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Activity 2

Bone Growth

1. Compare appositional and linear bone growth.
2. Compare the periosteum and endosteum.
3. Describe an osteon?

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Activity 3

Bone Homeostasis

1. What term describes higher than normal levels of calcium in the blood? Lower levels?
   
2. What two hormones maintain normal blood levels of calcium?
   
3. Where do both of these hormones come from?
   

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Activity 4

The Brittle Woman and Back Pain

1. What abnormal spinal curvature did Mrs. Chen demonstrate?
2. Describe trabeculae.
3. How does her abnormal spinal curvature affect her ability to inhale?
4. What is the main cause of her reduced bone density?

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Activity 5

Cadaver Videos

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Activity 6

Bones, Bones, Bones

1. How does the male pelvic girdle compare to a female’s?
2. Describe the normal vertebral curvatures.
3. Which cranial bone articulates with the temporal, occipital, and frontal cra-nial bones?
   

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Activity 7

PowerAnatomy

Complete the following sections:

Axial Skeleton

Exercises A and C

Appendicular Skeleton

Exercises A, B, C, and E

Joints and Synovial Joint Movements

Exercises A and C

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Activity 8

Judge the Joint

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1. What is the difference between fibrous synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints?
2. What is the difference between the cartilage in the intervertebral joints and articular cartilage?
3. What is the name of the fibrous cartilage that connects the pubic bones?

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Activity 9

Movements

1. What is the movement that decreases the angle of a joint? Increases?
2. What movement moves a bone around its long axis?
3. What movement moves a bone away from the midline? Towards midline?

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Activity 9

Painful Hands

1. Which system of the body is causing destruction to Mrs. Lewis' joints?
2. Why is Mrs. Lewis' disease called a systemic autoimmune disease?
3. What does an elevated ESR suggest?